Quitclaim deed - A document by which one party (grantor) conveys title to a property, by giving up any claim which he may have to title (although he does not profess that claim is necessarily valid).

R&D - Research and development.

Ram - A closure mechanism on a blowout-preventer stack.

Re-entry - A well was abandoned, but subsequent drilling and production in the area suggests that a potential pay zone in the well was missed or passed over.

Reamer - A tool used to enlarge or straighten a borehole.

Reclamation - The restoration of land to its original condition by regrading contours and replanting after the land has been mined, drilled, or otherwise has undergone alteration from its original state.

Recoverable resources - An estimate of resources, including oil and/or natural gas, both proved and undiscovered, that would be economically extractable under specified price-cost relationships and technological conditions.

Reef - A buildup of limestone formed by skeletal remains of marine organisms. It often makes an excellent reservoir for petroleum.

Refiner - A person or company that has any part in the control or management of any operation by which the physical or chemical characteristics of petroleum or petroleum products are changed.

Refining - Manufacturing petroleum products by a series of processes that separate crude oil into its major components and blend or convert these components into a wide range of finished products, such as gasoline or jet fuel.

Relief well - A well drilled in a high-pressure formation to control a blowout.

Reserve - That portion of the identified resource from which a usable mineral and energy commodity can be economically and legally extracted at the time of determination.

Reserve (pool) - A porous and permeable underground formation of producible oil and/or natural gas, confined by impermeable rock or water barriers, and characterized by a single natural pressure system.

Reservoir - A porous, permeable sedimentary rock formation containing quantities of oil and/or gas enclosed or surrounded by layers of less permeable or impervious rock. Also called a "horizon."

Reservoir pressure - The pressure at the face of the producing formation when the well is shut-in. It equals the shut in pressure at the wellhead plus the weight of the column of oil in the hole.

Retained Interest - A fractional interest reserved by the owner of a whole interest when the balance of the whole interest is transferred to another party.

Reversionary interest - An interest in a well or property that becomes effective at a specified time in the future or on the occurrence of a specified future event.

Risk - The possibility of loss or injury. A level of uncertainty is associated with the various possible outcomes of the undertaking. Risk usually refers to a numerical estimate of the likelihood of the occurrence to these various possible outcomes.

Roof rock - A layer of impervious rock above a porous and permeable formation that contains oil or gas.

Rotary drilling - A method of well-drilling that employs a rotating bit and drilling mud to cut through rock formations.

Roughnecks - Members of the drilling crew.

Round trip - Pulling the drillpipe from the hole to change the bit, then running the drillpipe and new bit back in the hole.

Roustabout - A semi-skilled hand who looks after producing wells and production facilities.

Royalty - A payment to a landowner or mineral rights owner by a leaseholder on each unit of resources produced.

Royalty Funds - Generally speaking, a royalty fund is when royalty interests are being bought, sold and held by the funds sponsors. In nearly all leasing situations, once a lease has been developed, it provides a revenue stream. A portion of the revenue stream is set aside for royalty which generally amounts to 12.5% and overriding royalty &/or carried working interest of 2-5%. In a royalty fund the objective of the fund is to generate it's revenue from royalties that are held from different producing fields throughout the country. The main feature to owning a percentage of a royalty fund is that with an oil royalty the royalty owner (or interest owner) pays no percentage of operating or developmental costs associated with the production of the oil or gas. Royalty programs generally offer a low risk factor along with a relatively low return. However, their main feature is that these types of programs last for many many years.

Run ticket - A record of the oil run from a lease tank into a connecting pipeline. An invoice for oil delivered.

Running the tools - Putting the drillpipe, with the bit attached, into the hole in preparation for drilling.

Salt dome - A subsurface mound or dome of salt.

Salt-bed storage - Storage of petroleum products in underground formations of salt whose cavities have been mined or leached out with superheated water.

Sample - Cuttings of a rock formation broken up by the drill bit and brought to the surface by the drilling mud. These are examined by geologists to identify the formation and type of rock being drilled.

Sample log - A record of rock cuttings made as a well is being drilled. A record is then kept that shows the characteristics of the various strata drilled through.

Sandstone - Rock composed mainly of sand-sized particles or fragments of the mineral quartz.

Saturation - 1. The extent to which the pore space in a formation contains hydrocarbons or connate water. 2. The extent to which gas is dissolved in the liquid hydrocarbons in a formation.

Schlumberger (pronounced "slumber-jay") - The founder of electrical well logging, now the name for any electrical well log.

Scout - An individual who observes and reports on competitor's leasing and drilling activities.

Secondary recovery - The introduction of water or gas into a well to supplement the natural reservoir drive and force additional oil to the producing wells.

Section - A square tract of land having an area of one square mile (=640 acres). There are 36 sections in a township.

Securities - Securities are commonly thought of as stocks and bonds. As defined by the Securities Act of 1933, however, securities include any certificate of interest or participation in any profit sharing agreement, investment contract, or fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights.

Securities Act of 1933 - Establishes requirements for the disclosure of information for any interstate offering and sale of securities.

Securities Exchange Act of 1934 - Established the Securities and Exchange Commission which regulates the activities of securities markets.

Sedimentary basin - A large land area composed of unmetamorphized sediments. Oil and gas commonly occur in such formations.

Sedimentary rock - Rock formed by the deposition of sediment, usually in a marine environment.

Seismic exploration - A method of prospecting for oil or gas by sending shock waves into the earth. Different rocks transmit, reflect, or refract sound waves at different speeds, so when vibrations at the surface send sound waves into the earth in all directions, they reflect to the surface at a distance and angle from the sound source that indicates the depth of the interface. These reflections are recorded and analyzed to map underground formations.

Seismograph - A device that records natural or manmade vibrations from the earth. Geologists read what it has recorded to evaluate the oil potential of underground formations.

Selling Expenses - Expenses incurred in marketing interests in securities and commonly paid out of the investor's capital investment.

Separator - A pressure vessel used to separate well fluids into gases and liquids.

Service well - A well drilled in a known oil or natural gas field to inject liquids that enhance recovery or dispose of salt water.

Set casing - To cement casing in the well hole, usually in preparation for producing a commercial well.

Severance - The owner of all rights to a tract of land can sever the rights to his land (vertically or horizontally). In horizontal severance, for example, if he chooses to sell all or part of the mineral rights, two distinct estates are created: the surface rights to the tract of land and the mineral rights to the same tract. The two estates may change hands independently of each other.

Severance tax - Tax paid to the state government by producers of oil or gas in the state.

Shale - A type of rock composed of common clay or mud.

Shale oil - The substance produced from the treatment of kerogen, that hydrocarbon found in some shales, which is difficult and costly to extract. About 34 gallons of shale oil can be extracted from one ton of ore.

Shale shaker - A vibrating screen or sieve that strains cuttings out of the mud before the mud is pumped back down into the borehole.

Sharing arrangement - An arrangement whereby a party contributes to the acquisition, or exploration and development, of an oil and gas property, and receives as compensation, a fractional interest in that property.

Shoestring sands - Narrow strands of saturated formation that have retained the shape of the stream bed that formed them. In the United States, such a formation is located in Kansas.

Shoot a well - A technique that stimulates production of a tight formation by setting off charges downhole that crack open the formation. The early wells were shot with nitroglycerin; then dynamite was used. The nitro man has been replaced today by acidizers and frac trucks.

Show - An indication of oil or gas observed and recorded during the drilling of a well.

Shut-down well/shut-in well - A well is shut down when initial drilling ceases for one reason or another. A well is shut in when the wellhead valves are closed, shutting off production, often while waiting for transportation or for the market to improve.

Shut-in -To stop a producing oil and gas well from producing.

Shut-in pressure -The pressure at the wellhead when valves are closed.

Shut-in Royalty - A special type of royalty negotiated in the leasing of a property.

Side track - When fishing operations have been unable to recover an object in the hole that prevents drilling ahead, the borehole can often be drilled around the obstacle in the original hole.

Skidding the rig - Moving a derrick from one location to another on skids and rollers.

Solution gas - Natural gas that is dissolved in the crude oil in a reservoir.

Sour Crude or Gas - Oil or natural gas containing sulfur compounds, notably hydrogen sulfide a poisonous gas.

Source rock - Sedimentary rock, usually shale containing organic carbon in concentrations as high as 5-10% by weight.

Spacing unit - The size (amount of surface area) of a parcel of land on which only one producing well is permitted to be drilled to a specific reservoir.

Spot market - A short-term contract (typically 30 days) for the sale or purchase of a specified quantity of oil or gas at a specified price.

Spud - To spud a well means to start the initial drilling operations.

Squeeze - The procedure of pumping a slurry of cement into a particular space in the borehole (often the annulus between the borehole and the casing), so that the cement will solidify to form a seal.

Steel reef - Refers to the artificial reefs formed by the substructures of offshore drilling and production platforms which are inhabited by a rich variety of marine life.

Step-out well - A well drilled near a proven well, but located in an unproven area, that determines the boundaries of the producing formation.

Stipper oil well - An oil well capable of producing no more than 10 barrels of oil per day.

Stocktank barrel - A barrel of oil at the earth's surface.

Stratigraphic test - A hole drilled to gather information about rock strata in an area.

Stratigraphic trap - A porous section of rock surrounded by nonporous layers, holding oil or gas. They are usually very difficult to locate, although oilmen believe that most of the oil yet to be discovered will be found in these traps.

Structural trap - A reservoir created by some cataclysmic geologic event that creates a barrier and prevents further migration. The most common structural traps are anticlines, in which at lease 80 percent of the world's oil and gas have been discovered.

Structure - Subsurface folds or fractures of strata that form a reservoir capable of holding oil or gas.

Submersible drilling barge - A vessel capable of drilling in deep water. The hull is flooded to sink the barge beneath the water level, and a drilling platform is jacked up above the surface.

Submersible pump - A bottom-hole pump for use in an oil well when a large volume of fluid is to be lifted.

Subscription - The manner by which an investor participates in a limited partnership through investment.

Substructure - A platform upon which a derrick is erected.

Supervisory fee - Analogous to a management fee in an oil and gas limited partnership, it is paid by the partnership to the general partner for direct supervision of mechanical operations at the well site.

Surface rights - Surface ownership of a tract of land from which the mineral rights have been severed.

Swab - A hollow rubber cylinder with a flap (check valve) on the bottom surface. It is lowered below the fluid level in the well. This opens the check valve allowing fluid into the cylinder. The check valve flap closes as the swab is pulled back up, lifting oil to the surface.

Sweet crude - Crude oil with low sulfur content which is less corrosive, burns cleaner, and requires less processing to yield valuable products.

Syncline - A downfold in stratified rock that looks like an upright bowl. Unfavorable to the accumulation of oil and gas.

Syndication expenses - Expenditures incurred by a partnership in connection with issuing and marketing its interests to investors: legal fees of the issuer for securities and tax advice, accounting fees for audits and other representations included in the offering memorandum.

Synfuels - Fuels produced through chemical conversions of natural hydrocarbon substances such as coal and oil shale.

Synthetic crude oil (syncrude) - A crude oil derived from processing carbonaceous material such as shale oil or unrefined oil in coal conversion processes.

Synthetic gas - Gas produced from solid hydrocarbons such as coal, oil shale, or tar sands.